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Eleusinian Mysteries
The Eleusinian Mysteries ((ギリシア語:Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια)) were initiations held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone based at Eleusis in ancient Greece. They are the "most famous of the secret religious rites of ancient Greece".〔''Encyclopedia Britannica''〕 It is thought that their basis was an old agrarian cult which probably goes back to the Mycenean period (c. 1600 – 1100 BC)〔(Martin Nilsson. The Greek popular religion. The cult of Eleusis ) pp. 42–44〕 and it is believed that the cult of Demeter was established in 1500 BC.〔Cf. Mylonas, 1961, p. 24. "Again, from legends we learn of the arrival of the Cult of Demeter at Eleusis in the fifteenth century () – an event that must of course have had a profound influence on the life and activities of the site〕 The mysteries represented the myth of the abduction of Persephone from her mother Demeter by the king of the underworld Hades, in a cycle with three phases, the "descent" (loss), the "search" and the "ascent", with the main theme the "ascent" of Persephone and the reunion with her mother. It was a major festival during the Hellenic era, and later spread to Rome.〔Ouvaroff, M. (alternatively given as Sergei Semenovich Uvarov, or Sergey Uvarov, 1786–1855) (Translated from the French by J. D. Price) (''Essay on the Mysteries of Eleusis'' ), London : Rodwell and Martin, 1817 (Reprint: USA: Kessinger Publishing, 2004). Ouvaroff does write that fixing the earliest foundation date to the Eleusinian Mysteries is fraught with problems.〕 The name of the town, Eleusís, seems to be Pre-Greek and it is probably a counterpart with Elysium and the goddess Eileithyia.〔Elysion:The island of the happy dead (Hesiod:''Works and days'' 166ff).Eileithyia.A Minoan goddess of childbirth and divine midwifery:F.Schachermeyer(1967).''Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta''.W.Kohlhammer Stuttgart. pp. 141–142〕
The rites, ceremonies, and beliefs were kept secret and consistently preserved from antiquity. The initiated believed that they would have a reward in the afterlife.〔Tripolitis, Antonia. ''Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, November 2001. pp. 16–21.〕 There are many paintings and pieces of pottery that depict various aspects of the Mysteries. Since the Mysteries involved visions and conjuring of an afterlife, some scholars believe that the power and longevity of the Eleusinian Mysteries came from psychedelic drugs.〔Wasson, R. Gordon, Ruck, Carl, Hofmann, A., ''The Road to Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries''. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1978.〕
==Etymology==
Eleusinian mysteries ((ギリシア語:Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια)) were called the mysteries of the city Eleusis. The name of the city Eleusis, is Pre-Greek, and may be related with the name of the goddess Eileithyia, but this is debated.〔"In Laconia there is a temple of Demeter Eleusinia. The name was used very early, and cannot be an ifluence of the goddess of Eleusis": Nilsson, Vol I, pp.313-314〕 The ancient Greek word "mystery" () means "mystery or secret rite" 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μυστήρι-ον )〕 and is related with the verb ''mueō'' (), which means initiation into the mysteries,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μυ^έω )〕 and the noun ''mustēs'' (), which means one initiated.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μύστης )〕 The word "mystikos" means connected with the mysteries, or private, secret (as in modern Greek) 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μυστικός )〕
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